notion of the variable “volume” of echoes is derived from the richly suggestive work of John Hollander, whose book The Figure of Echo was a major stimulus to my work on echoes in Paul.18 The basic question here is how insistently the echo presses itself upon the reader. Let me try to unpack the elements involved in assessing this issue. a. The primary factor is the degree of verbatim repetition of words and syntactical patterns. For example, in Rom 8:32 (ὅς γε τοῦ ἰδίου υἱοῦ οὐκ ἐφείσατο),